Taxes · 60 countries
How countries tax crypto and tokenized assets
Gains, staking and yield income, and — the part most overviews leave out — tokenized stocks, bonds and fund units, which many countries tax like the security behind them rather than like crypto. For private individuals, per country, with the official sources.
60
countries researched
12
with 0% on private crypto gains
18
with a holding-period rule
🇦🇷 Argentina
Crypto gains: Schedular income tax: 5% (Argentine source, pesos without adjustment clause) / 15% (foreign currency operations, or any foreign-source gain)
Tokenized securities: No specific tax guidance. The CNV says tokenizing a share, bond or CEDEAR does not create a new security, …
🇦🇺 Australia
Crypto gains: Marginal rate (0–45% + 2% Medicare levy); 50% discount after 12 months for gains accrued to 30 June 2027
Holding period: 12 months for the 50% discount. Under the Tax Reform No. 1 Act 2026 (royal assent 26 June …
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance. Tokenized shares, ETF units and bonds are CGT assets like any other; whether dividends …
🇦🇹 Austria
Crypto gains: 27.5% flat (crypto acquired after 28 Feb 2021)
Holding period: None for new holdings. Coins acquired up to 28 Feb 2021 ('Altbestand') stay under the old …
Tokenized securities: The BMF excludes asset tokens backed by real assets such as securities or property from the crypto rules; …
🇧🇭 Bahrain
Crypto gains: 0% (no personal income tax)
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance. Gains, dividends and coupons on tokenized stocks, ETFs, bonds or fund units held by …
🇧🇷 Brazil
Crypto gains: Exempt if monthly sales ≤ R$35,000; otherwise 15% (gain up to R$5m), 17.5% (R$5–10m), 20% (R$10–30m), 22.5% (above R$30m)
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance for tokenized stocks, ETFs or fund units bought as crypto tokens. Brazilian-listed …
🇧🇬 Bulgaria
Crypto gains: 10% flat
Tokenized securities: —
🇨🇦 Canada
Crypto gains: 50% of the gain included in income, taxed at combined federal + provincial marginal rates; business income fully taxed
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance. CRA notes crypto-assets are not necessarily securities (shares or bonds) for income tax …
🇨🇱 Chile
Crypto gains: Progressive Impuesto Global Complementario on the gain (mayor valor), cash basis
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance. SII's crypto FAQs cover cryptocurrencies only; whether tokenized shares, ETFs or bonds …
🇨🇳 China
Crypto gains: No specific rule; property transfer income at 20% is the commonly cited treatment (not officially confirmed for crypto)
Tokenized securities: RWA tokenization inside mainland China is an unlawful financial activity under Notice No. 42 (Feb 2026), and …
🇨🇴 Colombia
Crypto gains: Ordinary income at progressive rates (0–39%) if held under 2 years; 15% occasional gain (ganancia ocasional) if held 2 years or more
Holding period: 2 years or more in the taxpayer's assets turns the gain into a ganancia ocasional (Art. …
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance. DIAN treats crypto assets as intangible assets because there is no legal definition; …
🇭🇷 Croatia
Crypto gains: 12% (capital gains)
Holding period: More than 2 years: gain is not taxed, but must still be reported on the JOPPD form.
Tokenized securities: —
🇨🇾 Cyprus
Crypto gains: 8% flat on profits from disposing of crypto-assets (from 1 Jan 2026)
Holding period: None.
Tokenized securities: The 8% rule uses the MiCA definition of crypto-assets, which excludes financial instruments. Tokenized shares …
🇨🇿 Czechia
Crypto gains: 15% / 23% progressive income tax (other income, § 10)
Holding period: More than 3 years between purchase and sale makes the gain tax-free (from 15 Feb 2025). …
Tokenized securities: The tax law uses the MiCA definition of crypto-asset, which does not cover financial instruments. A token …
🇩🇰 Denmark
Crypto gains: Personal income at your marginal rate (no 8% labour-market contribution)
Tokenized securities: —
🇪🇬 Egypt
Crypto gains: No specific guidance (general income tax up to 27.5% may apply)
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance on tokenized securities. For the securities themselves (Law 151 of 2026): gains on …
🇪🇪 Estonia
Crypto gains: 22% income tax (2026)
Holding period: None. Every disposal is taxed, however long you held the coin.
Tokenized securities: No specific EMTA guidance on tokenized shares or bonds. Securities and fund units in general can be held in …
🇫🇮 Finland
Crypto gains: 30% up to €30,000 of capital income a year, 34% above
Holding period: None. After 10 years of holding the optional deemed cost rises from 20% to 40% of the …
Tokenized securities: Vero's crypto guide excludes securities and derivatives traded on an official exchange, even if they track …
🇫🇷 France
Crypto gains: 31.4% flat tax (12.8% income tax + 18.6% social levies); option for the progressive scale
Tokenized securities: French securities recorded on a blockchain (DEEP) are financial instruments with the same legal effect as …
🇩🇪 Germany
Crypto gains: Personal income tax rate (up to 45% + 5.5% solidarity surcharge) if sold within one year; 0% after more than one year
Holding period: More than one year: gains are tax-free (§ 23 EStG). Staking or lending does not extend …
Tokenized securities: Per the BMF letter, tokens that can be treated like securities produce capital income (§ 20 EStG): gains on …
🇬🇷 Greece
Crypto gains: No specific tax until end-2026 (AADE ruling 1330/2024: gains not covered by the securities capital-gains rules); 10% from 1 January 2027
Holding period: None under the new law.
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance. Tokenized shares or bonds would fall under the normal rules for securities, but this is …
🇭🇰 Hong Kong
Crypto gains: 0% on capital gains; trading as a business may be subject to profits tax
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance for tokenized stocks, ETFs, bonds or fund units held by individuals. The same …
🇭🇺 Hungary
Crypto gains: 15% flat (personal income tax)
Tokenized securities: —
🇮🇳 India
Crypto gains: 30% flat + 4% cess (plus surcharge on high incomes); 1% TDS on transfers
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance. A tokenized stock or tracker certificate bought as a crypto token likely falls within …
🇮🇩 Indonesia
Crypto gains: 0.21% final tax on transaction value (1% via foreign platforms)
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance. Securities under capital market law are excluded from the crypto-asset rules, which …
🇮🇪 Ireland
Crypto gains: 31% CGT for disposals from 7 Oct 2026 (33% from 6 Dec 2021 to 6 Oct 2026)
Holding period: None. Gains are taxed however long you hold.
Tokenized securities: No specific Revenue guidance on tokenized shares or bonds. Revenue's CGT page lists a 40% rate for gains on …
🇮🇹 Italy
Crypto gains: 33% substitute tax from 2026 (26% until 2025); 26% for qualifying euro e-money tokens (MiCA EMTs)
Tokenized securities: Circular 30/E (2023) links digital financial instruments to the ordinary rules for capital income and …
🇯🇵 Japan
Crypto gains: Progressive, up to ~55% incl. local tax (miscellaneous income); flat 20% (+0.315% reconstruction tax) legislated, likely from 2028
Tokenized securities: No single NTA guidance for security tokens found. Security tokens issued under the Financial Instruments and …
🇰🇪 Kenya
Crypto gains: No crypto-specific rate; 3% Digital Asset Tax repealed 2025. General income or capital gains tax rules may apply (no specific guidance)
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance. Tokenized securities are not addressed in Kenyan tax law or KRA material found.
🇱🇻 Latvia
Crypto gains: 25.5% capital gains tax (since 2025; 20% in 2024); extra 3% on total annual income above EUR 200,000
Holding period: None.
Tokenized securities: Tokens that qualify as financial instruments, fund units or deposits are excluded from the crypto rules and …
🇱🇮 Liechtenstein
Crypto gains: 0% on private capital gains; holdings taxed via a 4% Sollertrag added to income
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance. Securities are declared at market value under item 3.2; capital gains from selling …
🇲🇾 Malaysia
Crypto gains: 0% for investment (capital) gains; trading profits taxed as income at progressive rates
Holding period: No fixed period; holding time is one of the badges of trade used to decide capital vs. …
Tokenized securities: LHDN's definition of 'digital token' excludes shares, debentures, government bonds and unit trust units, so …
🇲🇹 Malta
Crypto gains: Generally 0% for private holders; progressive income tax up to 35% if trading
Holding period: None; the test is whether the gain is capital (investment) or income (trading), not how …
Tokenized securities: Securities are on the list of capital assets, so tokens that legally are shares or similar securities would …
🇲🇽 Mexico
Crypto gains: Progressive ISR on the gain, reported as 1.92%–35%; a 20% provisional payment on the sale amount may apply
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance. Mexican-listed shares sold through a stock exchange have their own regime, but no SAT …
🇳🇱 Netherlands
Crypto gains: 36% on a deemed return of 6.00% (Box 3, 2026), not on realised gains
Tokenized securities: Tokenized stocks, bonds, fund units and certificates are Box 3 investments like crypto: same 6.00% deemed …
🇳🇬 Nigeria
Crypto gains: Progressive PIT 0–25% (replaces the old 10% CGT)
Tokenized securities: Tokenized equity, bonds, asset-backed and other tokenized assets are 'Category 3' virtual assets: gains are …
🇳🇴 Norway
Crypto gains: 22% (capital income)
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance. Skatteetaten says tax treatment depends on the actual product or service, regardless of …
🇵🇰 Pakistan
Crypto gains: No specific rule; general income tax rules (capital gain or business income)
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance. Listed securities on the Pakistan Stock Exchange are taxed at 15% for filers (30% for …
🇵🇭 Philippines
Crypto gains: No specific rule; general income tax, graduated rates up to 35%
Holding period: Under general rules, only 50% of a capital gain on a capital asset held over 12 months is …
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance. CMEPA sets a stock transaction tax on listed shares and a 15% capital gains tax on …
🇵🇱 Poland
Crypto gains: 19% flat (PIT-38)
Tokenized securities: The legal definition of virtual currency (AML Act) excludes financial instruments, so a token that is legally …
🇵🇹 Portugal
Crypto gains: 28% flat if held under 365 days; 0% if held 365 days or more
Holding period: 365 days: gains and losses on crypto held 365 days or more are excluded from tax (art. 10 …
Tokenized securities: The crypto rules only cover crypto that is not a security. Tokenized shares or bonds that are securities fall …
🇶🇦 Qatar
Crypto gains: 0% for resident private individuals (no specific crypto rule)
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance. Under the Income Tax Law, gains of resident individuals on securities are exempt when …
🇷🇴 Romania
Crypto gains: 16% flat (gains from 1 Jan 2026; 10% for gains up to 31 Dec 2025)
Tokenized securities: —
🇷🇺 Russia
Crypto gains: 13% up to RUB 2.4 million a year, 15% above (investment income base)
Tokenized securities: Russia has a separate legal category of digital financial assets (TsFA/ЦФА) issued on registered platforms; …
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia
Crypto gains: 0% (no personal income tax)
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance. Gains and dividends on tokenized stocks, ETFs, bonds or fund units held privately are …
🇸🇬 Singapore
Crypto gains: 0% on capital gains; trading gains taxed as income (progressive, up to 24%)
Tokenized securities: The IRAS guide treats security tokens according to their nature: a token with debt or equity characteristics …
🇸🇰 Slovakia
Crypto gains: Progressive income tax: 19% base rate, higher rates on larger incomes
Tokenized securities: —
🇸🇮 Slovenia
Crypto gains: 0% for private individuals
Tokenized securities: FURS's exemption covers crypto tokens only if they are not securities, company shares or derivatives; …
🇿🇦 South Africa
Crypto gains: Capital: 40% of the gain included in income, effective max 18%; revenue (trading): marginal rate up to 45%
Holding period: No fixed holding period; whether a gain is capital or revenue follows case law …
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance. SARS's crypto page does not mention tokenized stocks, bonds or fund units. Under …
🇰🇷 South Korea
Crypto gains: 0% today; 20% + 2% local tax on yearly gains above KRW 2.5m scheduled from 1 Jan 2027 (delay to 2029 under discussion)
Tokenized securities: Taxed as securities, not crypto, per the finance ministry view reported in June 2026: tokenized stocks are …
🇪🇸 Spain
Crypto gains: 19%–30% savings-base scale (19, 21, 23, 27%; 30% above EUR 300,000 since 2025)
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance found on security tokens or tokenized stocks/ETFs/fund units. Under general IRPF rules a …
🇸🇪 Sweden
Crypto gains: 30% flat (capital income)
Tokenized securities: —
🇨🇭 Switzerland
Crypto gains: 0% for private investors (income tax if trading counts as self-employment)
Tokenized securities: The ESTV treats asset tokens like securities: private capital gains are tax-free, losses not deductible. Debt …
🇹🇼 Taiwan
Crypto gains: Progressive income tax on net gains (property transaction income)
Tokenized securities: Security-type tokens follow the rules for securities rather than the virtual currency rule. No specific …
🇹🇭 Thailand
Crypto gains: 0% via SEC-licensed providers (1 Jan 2025 – 31 Dec 2029); otherwise progressive 5–35%
Tokenized securities: Thailand has a separate category of 'investment tokens' (tokenized real-world projects or assets offered …
🇹🇷 Türkiye
Crypto gains: No specific rate in force; regular trading can be business income at progressive rates, occasional gains are debated
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance. Turkish securities have their own withholding rules, but no official statement says …
🇺🇦 Ukraine
Crypto gains: No specific rate in force; general rules suggest 18% PIT + 5% military levy on income, but how they apply to crypto gains is unclear
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance. Tokenized shares, ETFs or bonds are not addressed by any rule in force or found in …
🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates
Crypto gains: 0% (no personal income tax)
Tokenized securities: No personal tax on gains, dividends or coupons from tokenized shares, ETFs, bonds or fund units. Taxes …
🇬🇧 United Kingdom
Crypto gains: 18% (basic rate) / 24% (higher and additional rate) Capital Gains Tax
Tokenized securities: HMRC says the tax treatment of any token depends on its nature and use, not its label, and describes security …
🇺🇸 United States
Crypto gains: Federal: long-term 0% / 15% / 20%; short-term at ordinary income rates (10%–37%); plus 3.8% net investment income tax above income thresholds
Holding period: Held more than one year: long-term capital gain rates (0%/15%/20%) instead of ordinary …
Tokenized securities: The IRS treats a tokenized stock, bond or fund unit as a 'dual classification asset': a digital asset that is …
🇻🇳 Vietnam
Crypto gains: 0.1% of gross transfer value per transaction
Tokenized securities: No specific guidance on tokenized stocks, ETFs, bonds or fund units. Resolution 05 excludes crypto assets …
| Country | Crypto gains | Holding period / allowance | Staking & yield | Tokenized securities |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 🇦🇷 Argentina | Schedular income tax: 5% (Argentine source, pesos without adjustment clause) / 15% (foreign currency operations, or any foreign-source gain) | Special deduction for individuals (Art. 100 of the income tax law) can be used | Returns from crypto deposited on an exchange or in DeFi protocols are taxable as second-category (capital) income when … | No specific tax guidance. The CNV says tokenizing a share, bond or CEDEAR does not create a new security, only an extra form of … |
| 🇦🇺 Australia | Marginal rate (0–45% + 2% Medicare levy); 50% discount after 12 months for gains accrued to 30 June 2027 | 12 months for the 50% discount. Under the Tax Reform No. 1 Act 2026 (royal assent 26 June 2026), gains accruing from 1 … | Staking rewards and DeFi interest are ordinary income at market value when received. Airdrops: under draft TR 2026/D1 … | No specific guidance. Tokenized shares, ETF units and bonds are CGT assets like any other; whether dividends or coupons are franked or … |
| 🇦🇹 Austria | 27.5% flat (crypto acquired after 28 Feb 2021) | None for new holdings. Coins acquired up to 28 Feb 2021 ('Altbestand') stay under the old rules (tax-free after one … | Lending interest, mining and DeFi liquidity-mining rewards are taxed at 27.5% when received. Classic staking rewards, … | The BMF excludes asset tokens backed by real assets such as securities or property from the crypto rules; they are taxed under the general … |
| 🇧🇭 Bahrain | 0% (no personal income tax) | — | Staking, lending, DeFi yield and airdrops received by an individual are not taxed, as there is no personal income tax. | No specific guidance. Gains, dividends and coupons on tokenized stocks, ETFs, bonds or fund units held by individuals are not taxed under … |
| 🇧🇷 Brazil | Exempt if monthly sales ≤ R$35,000; otherwise 15% (gain up to R$5m), 17.5% (R$5–10m), 20% (R$10–30m), 22.5% (above R$30m) | R$35,000 total crypto sales (disposals) per month, not R$35,000 of gain | No specific rule for staking, airdrops or DeFi yield after MP 1.303 lapsed (it would have taxed them as financial … | No specific guidance for tokenized stocks, ETFs or fund units bought as crypto tokens. Brazilian-listed crypto ETFs and BDRs are ordinary … |
| 🇧🇬 Bulgaria | 10% flat | — | Mining run as a business (for example with specialised equipment to sell the coins) is taxed as sole-trader income and … | — |
| 🇨🇦 Canada | 50% of the gain included in income, taxed at combined federal + provincial marginal rates; business income fully taxed | — | Staking, mining, lending and similar rewards are generally income (business or property income) at fair market value … | No specific guidance. CRA notes crypto-assets are not necessarily securities (shares or bonds) for income tax purposes. A token that is … |
| 🇨🇱 Chile | Progressive Impuesto Global Complementario on the gain (mayor valor), cash basis | — | No specific SII guidance found on staking, lending, DeFi yield or airdrops. Under general rules they are income and … | No specific guidance. SII's crypto FAQs cover cryptocurrencies only; whether tokenized shares, ETFs or bonds follow securities rules (for … |
| 🇨🇳 China | No specific rule; property transfer income at 20% is the commonly cited treatment (not officially confirmed for crypto) | — | No specific guidance on staking, lending or airdrops. Such receipts by tax residents would be worldwide income in … | RWA tokenization inside mainland China is an unlawful financial activity under Notice No. 42 (Feb 2026), and financial institutions may not … |
| 🇨🇴 Colombia | Ordinary income at progressive rates (0–39%) if held under 2 years; 15% occasional gain (ganancia ocasional) if held 2 years or more | 2 years or more in the taxpayer's assets turns the gain into a ganancia ocasional (Art. 300 Estatuto Tributario) | No specific DIAN guidance on staking, lending or DeFi yield. Under general rules such receipts are income when received … | No specific guidance. DIAN treats crypto assets as intangible assets because there is no legal definition; whether a token that represents … |
| 🇭🇷 Croatia | 12% (capital gains) | More than 2 years: gain is not taxed, but must still be reported on the JOPPD form. | Mining rewards are taxed as other income when received; regular mining as a main occupation requires a registered … | — |
| 🇨🇾 Cyprus | 8% flat on profits from disposing of crypto-assets (from 1 Jan 2026) | None. | The law does not single out staking, lending or airdrops. Crypto profits that are not covered by the 8% disposal rule … | The 8% rule uses the MiCA definition of crypto-assets, which excludes financial instruments. Tokenized shares or bonds that are financial … |
| 🇨🇿 Czechia | 15% / 23% progressive income tax (other income, § 10) | More than 3 years between purchase and sale makes the gain tax-free (from 15 Feb 2025). Together with exempt securities … | Mining creates no taxable income when coins are mined; tax arises when they are sold or exchanged. No Finanční správa … | The tax law uses the MiCA definition of crypto-asset, which does not cover financial instruments. A token that is legally a share or bond … |
| 🇩🇰 Denmark | Personal income at your marginal rate (no 8% labour-market contribution) | — | Interest-type yields on crypto are personal income when credited and available to you, at their value then (box 20). If … | — |
| 🇪🇬 Egypt | No specific guidance (general income tax up to 27.5% may apply) | — | No specific guidance on staking, lending, DeFi yield or airdrops. Such income could fall under general income tax … | No specific guidance on tokenized securities. For the securities themselves (Law 151 of 2026): gains on EGX-listed shares are exempt from … |
| 🇪🇪 Estonia | 22% income tax (2026) | None. Every disposal is taxed, however long you held the coin. | Staking rewards and airdrops received for a contribution are taxable income. Mining counts as business income. Crypto … | No specific EMTA guidance on tokenized shares or bonds. Securities and fund units in general can be held in an investment account; a … |
| 🇫🇮 Finland | 30% up to €30,000 of capital income a year, 34% above | None. After 10 years of holding the optional deemed cost rises from 20% to 40% of the sale price. · Gains are tax-free … | Staking rewards are capital income at fair value when you get control of them, and that value becomes their cost. … | Vero's crypto guide excludes securities and derivatives traded on an official exchange, even if they track crypto; these follow the general … |
| 🇫🇷 France | 31.4% flat tax (12.8% income tax + 18.6% social levies); option for the progressive scale | Exempt if total sale proceeds in the year are €305 or less | Impots.gouv states that mining and staking income is taxed as non-commercial profits (BNC). No consolidated official … | French securities recorded on a blockchain (DEEP) are financial instruments with the same legal effect as securities accounts, so they are … |
| 🇩🇪 Germany | Personal income tax rate (up to 45% + 5.5% solidarity surcharge) if sold within one year; 0% after more than one year | More than one year: gains are tax-free (§ 23 EStG). Staking or lending does not extend this to ten years (BMF letter of … | Staking, lending and similar rewards are 'other income' (§ 22 Nr. 3 EStG), taxed at the personal income tax rate when … | Per the BMF letter, tokens that can be treated like securities produce capital income (§ 20 EStG): gains on sale fall under § 20 Abs. 2 Nr. … |
| 🇬🇷 Greece | No specific tax until end-2026 (AADE ruling 1330/2024: gains not covered by the securities capital-gains rules); 10% from 1 January 2027 | None under the new law. · EUR 500 per year of net gains (from 2027). It is a threshold, not an allowance: above EUR 500 … | From 2027, income from crypto lending, staking, liquidity provision and DeFi yield counts as interest and is taxed at … | No specific guidance. Tokenized shares or bonds would fall under the normal rules for securities, but this is not confirmed for tokens. |
| 🇭🇰 Hong Kong | 0% on capital gains; trading as a business may be subject to profits tax | — | No specific IRD guidance on staking, lending or DeFi yield for individuals. Staking as part of a business with a Hong … | No specific guidance for tokenized stocks, ETFs, bonds or fund units held by individuals. The same capital-versus-trading test applies, so … |
| 🇭🇺 Hungary | 15% flat (personal income tax) | Small transactions up to 10% of the monthly minimum wage are tax-free if there is no other such transaction that day … | Documented mining costs are deductible. No NAV guidance found on staking or lending rewards. | — |
| 🇮🇳 India | 30% flat + 4% cess (plus surcharge on high incomes); 1% TDS on transfers | No basic exemption against VDA gains; only cost of acquisition is deductible. | Staking, lending and DeFi rewards are generally taxed as income at slab rates when received (no specific CBDT … | No specific guidance. A tokenized stock or tracker certificate bought as a crypto token likely falls within the broad VDA definition (30%, … |
| 🇮🇩 Indonesia | 0.21% final tax on transaction value (1% via foreign platforms) | — | PMK 50/2025 does not cover staking; DJP has said staking rewards are taxable income, but the method is not yet set. … | No specific guidance. Securities under capital market law are excluded from the crypto-asset rules, which suggests tokenized shares or … |
| 🇮🇪 Ireland | 31% CGT for disposals from 7 Oct 2026 (33% from 6 Dec 2021 to 6 Oct 2026) | None. Gains are taxed however long you hold. · EUR 1,270 annual personal exemption on total chargeable gains (after … | Revenue has no specific guidance on staking, lending or airdrops for individuals. Trading profits from dealing in … | No specific Revenue guidance on tokenized shares or bonds. Revenue's CGT page lists a 40% rate for gains on foreign life policies and … |
| 🇮🇹 Italy | 33% substitute tax from 2026 (26% until 2025); 26% for qualifying euro e-money tokens (MiCA EMTs) | None since 2025 (the former EUR 2,000 threshold was removed) | Staking, lending and airdrop proceeds are commonly treated as taxable crypto income under art. 67(1)(c-sexies) TUIR and … | Circular 30/E (2023) links digital financial instruments to the ordinary rules for capital income and financial 'redditi diversi' (art. 44 … |
| 🇯🇵 Japan | Progressive, up to ~55% incl. local tax (miscellaneous income); flat 20% (+0.315% reconstruction tax) legislated, likely from 2028 | Employees with one salary generally need not file if other income (incl. crypto) is ≤ JPY 200,000 (national tax; local … | Crypto received from staking, lending or mining is miscellaneous income at market value when received, taxed at … | No single NTA guidance for security tokens found. Security tokens issued under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act are financial … |
| 🇰🇪 Kenya | No crypto-specific rate; 3% Digital Asset Tax repealed 2025. General income or capital gains tax rules may apply (no specific guidance) | — | No specific guidance on staking, lending, DeFi yield or airdrops. Regular trading or yield could be treated as ordinary … | No specific guidance. Tokenized securities are not addressed in Kenyan tax law or KRA material found. |
| 🇱🇻 Latvia | 25.5% capital gains tax (since 2025; 20% in 2024); extra 3% on total annual income above EUR 200,000 | None. | Crypto you generate yourself (for example mining) or receive as payment for goods or services is business income, taxed … | Tokens that qualify as financial instruments, fund units or deposits are excluded from the crypto rules and are taxed under the rules for … |
| 🇱🇮 Liechtenstein | 0% on private capital gains; holdings taxed via a 4% Sollertrag added to income | — | Income from assets that are subject to wealth taxation is exempt from income tax, because the 4% Sollertrag already … | No specific guidance. Securities are declared at market value under item 3.2; capital gains from selling private movable assets are exempt … |
| 🇲🇾 Malaysia | 0% for investment (capital) gains; trading profits taxed as income at progressive rates | No fixed period; holding time is one of the badges of trade used to decide capital vs. trading. | Mining and payments received in crypto for goods, services or salary are taxable income. Airdrops and hard-fork tokens … | LHDN's definition of 'digital token' excludes shares, debentures, government bonds and unit trust units, so tokenized versions of these … |
| 🇲🇹 Malta | Generally 0% for private holders; progressive income tax up to 35% if trading | None; the test is whether the gain is capital (investment) or income (trading), not how long you held. | No verified official guidance covers staking, lending or airdrops. Under the general rules, income-type receipts (such … | Securities are on the list of capital assets, so tokens that legally are shares or similar securities would fall under the capital gains … |
| 🇲🇽 Mexico | Progressive ISR on the gain, reported as 1.92%–35%; a 20% provisional payment on the sale amount may apply | Reported: disposals of movable goods (other than shares) exempt up to 3 times the annual UMA (Art. 93 XIX b LISR); … | Staking and mining may create taxable income under general accrual rules; there is no specific SAT guidance for … | No specific guidance. Mexican-listed shares sold through a stock exchange have their own regime, but no SAT criterion says whether a … |
| 🇳🇱 Netherlands | 36% on a deemed return of 6.00% (Box 3, 2026), not on realised gains | €59,357 tax-free assets per person (€118,714 for fiscal partners), 2026 | For a private investor, staking, lending and other yield are covered by the Box 3 deemed return and not taxed … | Tokenized stocks, bonds, fund units and certificates are Box 3 investments like crypto: same 6.00% deemed return and 36% rate, no … |
| 🇳🇬 Nigeria | Progressive PIT 0–25% (replaces the old 10% CGT) | First NGN 800,000 of total annual income taxed at 0% | Staking, mining, liquidity and DeFi rewards are taxable income on the date received, at market value, which then … | Tokenized equity, bonds, asset-backed and other tokenized assets are 'Category 3' virtual assets: gains are taxed as income on disposal, … |
| 🇳🇴 Norway | 22% (capital income) | — | Mining and transaction validation are income regardless of protocol, including proof-of-stake. Coins from forks are … | No specific guidance. Skatteetaten says tax treatment depends on the actual product or service, regardless of what it is called. |
| 🇵🇰 Pakistan | No specific rule; general income tax rules (capital gain or business income) | — | No specific guidance. Mining and trading as a business are treated as business income at progressive rates; staking, … | No specific guidance. Listed securities on the Pakistan Stock Exchange are taxed at 15% for filers (30% for non-filers), but nothing says … |
| 🇵🇭 Philippines | No specific rule; general income tax, graduated rates up to 35% | Under general rules, only 50% of a capital gain on a capital asset held over 12 months is taxed; no official … | No specific guidance. Staking, lending and DeFi yield are generally treated as income at graduated rates when received; … | No specific guidance. CMEPA sets a stock transaction tax on listed shares and a 15% capital gains tax on unlisted shares, but nothing says … |
| 🇵🇱 Poland | 19% flat (PIT-38) | — | The tax authority (KIS) treats staking rewards and airdrops as income when received, valued at market price; several … | The legal definition of virtual currency (AML Act) excludes financial instruments, so a token that is legally a share, bond or fund unit … |
| 🇵🇹 Portugal | 28% flat if held under 365 days; 0% if held 365 days or more | 365 days: gains and losses on crypto held 365 days or more are excluded from tax (art. 10 CIRS, since 2023). | Any payment you earn from crypto operations (for example lending interest or rewards) is capital income taxed at 28%. … | The crypto rules only cover crypto that is not a security. Tokenized shares or bonds that are securities fall under the normal securities … |
| 🇶🇦 Qatar | 0% for resident private individuals (no specific crypto rule) | — | No specific guidance on staking, lending, DeFi yield or airdrops. Investment income of a private individual is … | No specific guidance. Under the Income Tax Law, gains of resident individuals on securities are exempt when the securities are not assets … |
| 🇷🇴 Romania | 16% flat (gains from 1 Jan 2026; 10% for gains up to 31 Dec 2025) | Gains under RON 200 per transaction are not taxed, provided total gains in the year do not exceed RON 600. | — | — |
| 🇷🇺 Russia | 13% up to RUB 2.4 million a year, 15% above (investment income base) | — | Mined digital currency is income at its market value on the date the miner can dispose of it. Miners must report mined … | Russia has a separate legal category of digital financial assets (TsFA/ЦФА) issued on registered platforms; tax rules for them differ from … |
| 🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia | 0% (no personal income tax) | — | Staking, lending, DeFi yield and airdrops received by a private individual are not taxed, because there is no personal … | No specific guidance. Gains and dividends on tokenized stocks, ETFs, bonds or fund units held privately are not taxed under the general … |
| 🇸🇬 Singapore | 0% on capital gains; trading gains taxed as income (progressive, up to 24%) | — | Tokens received as payment for goods, services or employment are taxed on their value as income. Individuals who mine … | The IRAS guide treats security tokens according to their nature: a token with debt or equity characteristics is taxed like that instrument, … |
| 🇸🇰 Slovakia | Progressive income tax: 19% base rate, higher rates on larger incomes | — | Mined crypto is taxed when it is sold or exchanged, with actual costs such as electricity deductible. No Finančná … | — |
| 🇸🇮 Slovenia | 0% for private individuals | — | Mining outside a business is other income: 25% advance tax, and electricity or equipment costs are not deductible. … | FURS's exemption covers crypto tokens only if they are not securities, company shares or derivatives; tokenized securities follow the … |
| 🇿🇦 South Africa | Capital: 40% of the gain included in income, effective max 18%; revenue (trading): marginal rate up to 45% | No fixed holding period; whether a gain is capital or revenue follows case law (intention, frequency, holding pattern) … | Mining receipts are taxable income. SARS's page does not specifically address staking, lending or DeFi yield; such … | No specific guidance. SARS's crypto page does not mention tokenized stocks, bonds or fund units. Under general principles the legal form of … |
| 🇰🇷 South Korea | 0% today; 20% + 2% local tax on yearly gains above KRW 2.5m scheduled from 1 Jan 2027 (delay to 2029 under discussion) | KRW 2.5 million per year under the scheduled regime | Lending income from virtual assets falls under the scheduled virtual asset income regime (from 2027 if not delayed). … | Taxed as securities, not crypto, per the finance ministry view reported in June 2026: tokenized stocks are 'substantially closer to … |
| 🇪🇸 Spain | 19%–30% savings-base scale (19, 21, 23, 27%; 30% above EUR 300,000 since 2025) | — | Staking rewards are savings-base capital income (DGT ruling V1766-22), and returns from liquidity pools and yield … | No specific guidance found on security tokens or tokenized stocks/ETFs/fund units. Under general IRPF rules a token that is legally a … |
| 🇸🇪 Sweden | 30% flat (capital income) | — | Staking rewards are capital income at market value when you can dispose of them; depositing coins for staking is not … | — |
| 🇨🇭 Switzerland | 0% for private investors (income tax if trading counts as self-employment) | — | Staking through a pool is income from movable assets, taxed at the CHF value when received; solo validators may be … | The ESTV treats asset tokens like securities: private capital gains are tax-free, losses not deductible. Debt tokens are taxed like bonds … |
| 🇹🇼 Taiwan | Progressive income tax on net gains (property transaction income) | — | No specific guidance found on staking, lending, DeFi yield or airdrops for individuals. Frequent trading run as a … | Security-type tokens follow the rules for securities rather than the virtual currency rule. No specific guidance was found on foreign … |
| 🇹🇭 Thailand | 0% via SEC-licensed providers (1 Jan 2025 – 31 Dec 2029); otherwise progressive 5–35% | — | Staking rewards, mining and other income from holding crypto are not covered by the 2025–2029 exemption and remain … | Thailand has a separate category of 'investment tokens' (tokenized real-world projects or assets offered under SEC rules). Profit shares … |
| 🇹🇷 Türkiye | No specific rate in force; regular trading can be business income at progressive rates, occasional gains are debated | — | No specific guidance on staking, lending, DeFi yield or airdrops; whether such receipts are business or occasional … | No specific guidance. Turkish securities have their own withholding rules, but no official statement says whether tokenized shares, ETFs or … |
| 🇺🇦 Ukraine | No specific rate in force; general rules suggest 18% PIT + 5% military levy on income, but how they apply to crypto gains is unclear | — | No specific guidance on staking, lending, DeFi yield or airdrops. Under general rules, income received by a resident is … | No specific guidance. Tokenized shares, ETFs or bonds are not addressed by any rule in force or found in official guidance. |
| 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates | 0% (no personal income tax) | — | Staking, lending, DeFi yield and airdrops received by individuals are not subject to personal income tax, as none … | No personal tax on gains, dividends or coupons from tokenized shares, ETFs, bonds or fund units. Taxes withheld in the issuer's country … |
| 🇬🇧 United Kingdom | 18% (basic rate) / 24% (higher and additional rate) Capital Gains Tax | £3,000 annual exempt amount (2026/27); gains must still be reported if total disposal proceeds exceed £50,000 | Staking, mining and similar rewards are generally taxed as income on receipt at market value, then form the cost for … | HMRC says the tax treatment of any token depends on its nature and use, not its label, and describes security tokens as giving rights in a … |
| 🇺🇸 United States | Federal: long-term 0% / 15% / 20%; short-term at ordinary income rates (10%–37%); plus 3.8% net investment income tax above income thresholds | Held more than one year: long-term capital gain rates (0%/15%/20%) instead of ordinary income rates · No … | Staking rewards are ordinary income at fair market value when you gain control of them (Rev. Rul. 2023-14); airdrops … | The IRS treats a tokenized stock, bond or fund unit as a 'dual classification asset': a digital asset that is also a security. Brokers … |
| 🇻🇳 Vietnam | 0.1% of gross transfer value per transaction | — | No specific guidance found on staking, lending, DeFi yield or airdrops; Circular 32 covers only transfers of crypto … | No specific guidance on tokenized stocks, ETFs, bonds or fund units. Resolution 05 excludes crypto assets backed by securities or fiat … |
Rules for private individuals resident in the country, as researched on 2026-11-09. Each country page lists the sources and what stayed unconfirmed. Information, not tax advice — rates change with every budget; check the linked tax authority before you file.